/* Ajay Yadav website: clean white theme, reusable across all pages. */
:root {
    --ink: #202b3a;
    --muted: #5f6b7a;
    --blue: #174ea6;
    --blue-dark: #123b78;
    --pale: #f3f7fc;
    --line: #e1e7ef;
    --white: #fff;
    --radius: 16px;
    --shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(24, 45, 77, .07);
    --max: 1160px
}

* {
    box-sizing: border-box
}

html {
    scroll-behavior: smooth;
    scroll-padding-top: 100px
}

body {
    margin: 0;
    background: var(--white);
    color: var(--ink);
    font-family: Inter, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;
    font-size: 16px;
    line-height: 1.7
}

img {
    max-width: 100%;
    display: block
}

a {
    color: var(--blue);
    text-underline-offset: 3px
}

a:hover {
    color: var(--blue-dark)
}

button,
input,
textarea {
    font: inherit
}

.container {
    width: min(var(--max), calc(100% - 40px));
    margin-inline: auto
}

.skip-link {
    position: absolute;
    left: -9999px;
    top: 8px;
    background: #fff;
    padding: 10px;
    z-index: 100
}

.skip-link:focus {
    left: 8px
}

.sr-only {
    position: absolute;
    width: 1px;
    height: 1px;
    padding: 0;
    margin: -1px;
    overflow: hidden;
    clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
    white-space: nowrap;
    border: 0
}

.topbar {
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);
    background: #fff;
    font-size: .86rem;
    color: var(--muted)
}

.topbar-inner {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 16px;
    min-height: 40px
}

.social-links {
    display: flex;
    gap: 18px;
    flex-wrap: wrap
}

.social-links a {
    color: var(--muted);
    text-decoration: none
}

.social-links a:hover {
    color: var(--blue)
}


.site-header {
    position: -webkit-sticky;
    position: sticky;
    top: 0;
    z-index: 9999;
    background: #ffffff;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #e5eaf0;
    box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
}


.header-inner {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: space-between;
    gap: 28px;
    min-height: 82px
}

.brand {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 12px;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: var(--ink);
    flex-shrink: 0
}

.brand-logo {
    width: 44px;
    height: 44px
}

.brand-text {
    display: grid;
    line-height: 1.25
}

.brand-text strong {
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    letter-spacing: -.02em
}

.brand-text small {
    color: var(--muted);
    font-size: .75rem;
    margin-top: 4px
}

.primary-navigation {
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 4px
}

.primary-navigation>a,
.dropdown-toggle {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 6px;
    padding: 10px 11px;
    border: 0;
    border-radius: 9px;
    background: transparent;
    color: var(--ink);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: .91rem;
    cursor: pointer;
    white-space: nowrap
}

.primary-navigation>a:hover,
.dropdown-toggle:hover,
.primary-navigation .is-active {
    background: var(--pale);
    color: var(--blue)
}

.nav-contact {
    border: 1px solid #cbd9ee !important;
    margin-left: 4px
}

.nav-dropdown {
    position: relative
}

.dropdown-menu {
    display: none;
    position: absolute;
    top: calc(100% + 6px);
    left: 0;
    min-width: 205px;
    padding: 8px;
    background: #fff;
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    border-radius: 12px;
    box-shadow: var(--shadow)
}

.dropdown-menu a {
    display: block;
    padding: 9px 11px;
    border-radius: 8px;
    color: var(--ink);
    text-decoration: none;
    font-size: .9rem
}

.dropdown-menu a:hover,
.dropdown-menu a.is-active {
    background: var(--pale);
    color: var(--blue)
}

.nav-dropdown:hover .dropdown-menu,
.nav-dropdown:focus-within .dropdown-menu,
.nav-dropdown.is-open .dropdown-menu {
    display: block
}

.menu-toggle {
    display: none;
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    background: #fff;
    border-radius: 9px;
    padding: 7px 11px;
    color: var(--ink);
    cursor: pointer
}

main {
    min-height: 60vh
}

.hero {
    padding: 60px 0 25px
}

.hero-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.4fr) minmax(250px, .7fr);
    align-items: center;
    gap: 64px
}

.eyebrow {
    color: var(--blue);
    font-size: .78rem;
    font-weight: 750;
    letter-spacing: .12em;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    margin: 0 0 14px
}

.hero h1,
.page-hero h1 {
    font-size: clamp(2.3rem, 5vw, 4rem);
    letter-spacing: -.055em;
    line-height: 1.12;
    margin: 0 0 22px;
    max-width: 780px
}

.hero h1 span {
    color: var(--blue)
}

.lead {
    font-size: 1.15rem;
    line-height: 1.8;
    color: var(--muted);
    max-width: 700px
}



.button {
    display: inline-flex;
    justify-content: center;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
    padding: 11px 18px;
    border-radius: 10px;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 650;
    border: 1px solid var(--blue);
    background: var(--blue);
    color: #fff;
    transition: transform .15s, background .15s
}

.button:hover {
    background: var(--blue-dark);
    color: #fff;
    transform: translateY(-1px)
}

.button.secondary {
    background: #fff;
    color: var(--blue);
    border-color: #cbd9ee
}

.button.secondary:hover {
    background: var(--pale)
}

.hero-image-wrap {
    position: relative;
    max-width: 350px;
    margin-inline: auto
}

.hero-image {
    width: 100%;
    aspect-ratio: 4/5;
    object-fit: cover;
    border-radius: 24px;
    background: var(--pale);
    border: 1px solid var(--line)
}

.image-note {
    font-size: .8rem;
    color: var(--muted);
    text-align: center;
    margin-top: 10px
}

.page-hero {
    padding: 64px 0 40px;
    background: linear-gradient(180deg, #f8fbff 0%, #fff 100%);
    border-bottom: 1px solid #eef2f7
}

.page-hero h1 {
    font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 4vw, 3.25rem);
    margin-bottom: 14px
}

.page-hero .lead {
    margin: 0;
    max-width: 800px
}

.section {
    padding: 64px 0
}

.section.soft {
    background: #f8fafd
}

.section-heading {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: end;
    gap: 20px;
    margin-bottom: 28px
}

.section-heading h2,
.content h2 {
    font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 3vw, 2.25rem);
    line-height: 1.25;
    letter-spacing: -.035em;
    margin: 0 0 10px
}

.section-heading p {
    color: var(--muted);
    margin: 0;
    max-width: 650px
}

.text-link {
    font-weight: 650;
    text-decoration: none;
    white-space: nowrap
}

.grid-3 {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
    gap: 20px
}

.grid-2 {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
    gap: 22px
}

.card {
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    border-radius: var(--radius);
    padding: 25px;
    background: #fff;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 18px rgba(24, 45, 77, .025)
}

.card h3 {
    font-size: 1.13rem;
    line-height: 1.4;
    margin: 0 0 10px;
    letter-spacing: -.015em
}

.card p {
    margin: 0 0 13px;
    color: var(--muted)
}

.card p:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0
}

.card .card-link {
    display: inline-block;
    margin-top: 12px;
    font-weight: 650;
    text-decoration: none
}

.card-icon {
    display: grid;
    place-items: center;
    width: 44px;
    height: 44px;
    border-radius: 12px;
    background: var(--pale);
    color: var(--blue);
    font-size: 1.25rem;
    margin-bottom: 18px
}

.tag {
    display: inline-block;
    background: var(--pale);
    color: var(--blue);
    font-size: .76rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    padding: 4px 9px;
    border-radius: 999px;
    margin: 0 6px 8px 0
}

.content {
    max-width: 850px
}

.content p {
    color: #435064
}

.content ul {
    padding-left: 1.25rem
}

.content li {
    padding: 3px 0
}

.content h2 {
    margin-top: 34px
}

.content h3 {
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    margin-top: 24px
}

.callout {
    padding: 22px 24px;
    border-left: 4px solid var(--blue);
    border-radius: 0 12px 12px 0;
    background: var(--pale);
    margin: 24px 0
}

.callout p:last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0
}

.stat-line {
    display: flex;
    gap: 10px;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    margin-top: 18px
}

.stat-line span {
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    border-radius: 10px;
    padding: 8px 12px;
    font-size: .88rem;
    color: var(--muted)
}

.carousel-shell {
    position: relative
}

.carousel-controls {
    display: flex;
    gap: 8px
}

.carousel-controls button {
    width: 42px;
    height: 42px;
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    border-radius: 50%;
    background: #fff;
    color: var(--ink);
    cursor: pointer;
    font-size: 1.2rem
}

.carousel-controls button:hover {
    border-color: var(--blue);
    color: var(--blue);
    background: var(--pale)
}

.carousel-track {
    display: grid;
    grid-auto-columns: calc((100% - 40px)/3);
    grid-auto-flow: column;
    gap: 20px;
    overflow-x: auto;
    scroll-snap-type: x mandatory;
    scrollbar-width: thin;
    padding: 2px 2px 16px;
    scrollbar-color: #c7d3e4 transparent
}

.carousel-card {
    scroll-snap-align: start;
    min-width: 0
}

.carousel-card .card {
    height: 100%;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column
}

.carousel-card .card-link {
    margin-top: auto;
    padding-top: 12px
}

.card-meta {
    font-size: .8rem;
    color: var(--blue);
    font-weight: 700;
    margin-bottom: 10px
}

.publication-doi {
    font-size: .88rem;
    overflow-wrap: anywhere
}

.timeline {
    display: grid;
    gap: 18px
}

.timeline-item {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 150px 1fr;
    gap: 24px;
    padding: 22px 0;
    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line)
}

.timeline-item:last-child {
    border-bottom: 0
}

.timeline-date {
    font-size: .88rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: var(--blue)
}

.timeline-item h3 {
    margin: 0 0 6px;
    font-size: 1.12rem
}

.timeline-item p {
    margin: 0;
    color: var(--muted)
}

.pill-list {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 8px;
    padding: 0 !important;
    list-style: none
}

.pill-list li {
    background: var(--pale);
    border-radius: 999px;
    padding: 7px 12px;
    font-size: .88rem;
    color: #31445f
}

.contact-layout {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: .8fr 1.2fr;
    gap: 32px;
    align-items: start
}

.contact-panel {
    padding: 26px;
    background: var(--pale);
    border-radius: var(--radius)
}

.contact-panel h2 {
    margin-top: 0
}

.contact-panel p {
    color: var(--muted)
}

.contact-email {
    font-size: 1.05rem;
    font-weight: 700;
    overflow-wrap: anywhere
}

.form-frame {
    width: 100%;
    height: 760px;
    border: 1px solid var(--line);
    border-radius: 12px;
    background: #fff
}

.form-placeholder {
    padding: 28px;
    border: 1px dashed #b8c8dc;
    border-radius: 12px;
    background: #fbfdff
}

.form-placeholder p {
    color: var(--muted)
}

.site-footer {
    border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
    background: #fbfcfe;
    padding: 48px 0 0
}

.footer-grid {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: 1.5fr 1fr 1fr 1fr;
    gap: 36px;
    padding-bottom: 38px
}

.footer-brand {
    font-size: 1.2rem;
    font-weight: 800;
    text-decoration: none;
    color: var(--ink)
}

.footer-about p {
    color: var(--muted);
    font-size: .91rem;
    max-width: 320px
}

.footer-heading {
    font-size: .9rem;
    margin: 0 0 12px
}

.footer-links {
    list-style: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0
}

.footer-links li {
    margin: 5px 0
}

.footer-links a {
    color: var(--muted);
    font-size: .9rem;
    text-decoration: none
}

.footer-links a:hover {
    color: var(--blue)
}

.footer-bottom {
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    gap: 16px;
    border-top: 1px solid var(--line);
    padding: 17px 0;
    font-size: .82rem;
    color: var(--muted)
}

.partial-error {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 12px;
    background: #fff3f3;
    color: #8b2020
}

@media(max-width:1000px) {
    .header-inner {
        min-height: 74px
    }

    .menu-toggle {
        display: block
    }

    .primary-navigation {
        display: none;
        position: absolute;
        left: 20px;
        right: 20px;
        top: calc(100% + 1px);
        padding: 12px;
        background: #fff;
        border: 1px solid var(--line);
        border-radius: 14px;
        box-shadow: var(--shadow);
        align-items: stretch;
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 3px
    }

    .primary-navigation.is-open {
        display: flex
    }

    .primary-navigation>a,
    .dropdown-toggle {
        width: 100%;
        justify-content: space-between;
        padding: 11px 12px
    }

    .nav-contact {
        margin: 4px 0 0 !important
    }

    .dropdown-menu {
        position: static;
        box-shadow: none;
        border: 0;
        border-left: 2px solid var(--line);
        border-radius: 0;
        margin: 3px 0 5px 10px;
        padding: 4px 8px
    }

    .nav-dropdown:hover .dropdown-menu {
        display: none
    }

    .nav-dropdown.is-open .dropdown-menu,
    .nav-dropdown:focus-within .dropdown-menu {
        display: block
    }

    .hero-grid {
        gap: 36px
    }

    .carousel-track {
        grid-auto-columns: calc((100% - 20px)/2)
    }

    .footer-grid {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr))
    }
}

@media(max-width:680px) {
    .container {
        width: min(var(--max), calc(100% - 30px))
    }

    .topbar-inner {
        padding: 8px 0;
        align-items: flex-start;
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 5px
    }

    .social-links {
        gap: 15px
    }

    .brand-logo {
        width: 38px;
        height: 38px
    }

    .brand-text small {
        font-size: .68rem
    }

    .hero {
        padding: 48px 0
    }

    .hero-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 30px
    }

    .hero-image-wrap {
        max-width: 260px;
        grid-row: 1
    }

    .hero h1 {
        font-size: 2.55rem
    }

    .lead {
        font-size: 1.05rem
    }

    .section {
        padding: 46px 0
    }

    .page-hero {
        padding: 44px 0 30px
    }

    .grid-3,
    .grid-2 {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr
    }

    .section-heading {
        align-items: flex-start;
        flex-direction: column
    }

    .carousel-track {
        grid-auto-columns: 86%
    }

    .timeline-item {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 5px
    }

    .contact-layout {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr
    }

    .form-frame {
        height: 720px
    }

    .footer-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
        gap: 24px
    }

    .footer-bottom {
        flex-direction: column;
        gap: 4px
    }
}

@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce) {
    html {
        scroll-behavior: auto
    }

    *,
    *::before,
    *::after {
        transition: none !important;
        scroll-behavior: auto !important
    }
}


/* Later Updated CSS */
/* Homepage action buttons */
.hero-actions {
    display: flex;
    gap: 14px;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    margin: 25px 0;
}

.hero-actions .button {
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
    padding: 12px 22px;
    border-radius: 6px;
    text-decoration: none;
    font-weight: 600;
    transition: 0.2s ease;
}

.hero-actions .button.primary {
    background: #173b63;
    color: #ffffff;
}

.hero-actions .button.secondary {
    background: #ffffff;
    color: #173b63;
    border: 1px solid #173b63;
}

.hero-actions .button:hover {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    opacity: 0.85;
}

/* Professional areas */
.stat-line {
    display: flex;
    flex-wrap: wrap;
    gap: 10px;
    margin-top: 20px;
}

.stat-line span {
    border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
    background: #f8fafc;
    color: #475569;
    padding: 8px 14px;
    border-radius: 20px;
    font-size: 14px;
}



/* Control spacing between homepage sections */
.section.soft  {
    padding-top: 1px;
}

/* Page title */
.page-hero h2 {
    font-size: clamp(1.5rem, 3.2vw, 2rem);
    line-height: 1.2;
}

/* Headings within page content */
.content h2 {
    font-size: clamp(1.7rem, 2.5vw, 2.2rem);
    line-height: 1.3;
}


/* work photos */

/* Responsive photo gallery */

.portfolio-gallery {
    padding: 60px 0;
}

.masonry-gallery {
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));
    gap: 24px;
    margin-top: 30px;
    align-items: start;
}

.masonry-gallery figure {
    margin: 0;
    min-width: 0;
}

.masonry-gallery img {
    display: block;
    width: 100%;
    height: 240px;
    object-fit: contain;
    border-radius: 10px;
    background: #f8fafc;
}

.masonry-gallery figcaption {
    font-size: 14px;
    color: #64748b;
    padding-top: 9px;
    line-height: 1.5;
    text-align: center;
}

/* iPad and tablets */
@media (max-width: 900px) {
    .masonry-gallery {
        grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
        gap: 18px;
    }

    .masonry-gallery img {
        height: 220px;
    }
}

/* Mobile phones */
@media (max-width: 600px) {
    .masonry-gallery {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 22px;
    }

    .masonry-gallery img {
        height: auto;
        max-height: 350px;
        object-fit: contain;
    }
}


/* FAQ */

/* FAQ accordion */

.faq-section {
    padding: 1px 0;
}

.faq-list {
    max-width: 900px;
    margin: 1px auto;
}

.faq-item {
    border-bottom: 3px solid #e2e8f0;
}

.faq-item summary {
    padding: 10px 5px;
    cursor: pointer;
    font-size: 16px;
    font-weight: 600;
    color: #173b63;
    list-style: none;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 5px;
}

.faq-item summary::-webkit-details-marker {
    display: none;
}

.faq-item summary::after {
    content: "+";
    font-size: 23px;
    font-weight: 400;
    color: #64748b;
}

.faq-item[open] summary::after {
    content: "−";
}

.faq-answer {
    padding: 0 5px 18px;
    color: #64748b;
    line-height: 1.8;
}

.faq-answer p {
    margin: 0;
}

.faq-contact {
    text-align: center;
    margin-top: 15px;
}


/* Sets the custom color for the footer links */
.footer-links  a {
  color: #300ac8; /* Replace with your desired color code */
}



/* Sets the custom color for the HEADER links */
.social-links a {
  color: #300ac8; /* Replace with your desired color code */
}